Understanding Stopped and Muted Horn and Right-Hand Position
Posted in Brass on Apr 17th, 2008
Stopped horn should not be a mystery
By : John Ericson
A version of this article was published in the March, 2002 issue of the Texas Bandmasters Association Journal.
Stopping the French horn is a mystery to many. Otherwise fine horn players are often quite confused as to exactly how to perform music notated to be performed with the bell stopped by the hand, with reactions similar to the following: “When you close the hand in the bell the pitch goes down–but you are telling me that the pitch goes up when you play stopped?”
A first point to ponder is the question of why was the right hand placed in the bell of the natural horn in the classical period? It was placed in the bell to play diatonic and chromatic passages on the horn. The basis of the technique of the natural horn is the harmonic series. These are the pitches that one may sound on an open tube, and are the following.
The Harmonic series.
Several of these pitches are out of tune with equal temperament. Players discovered that by inserting the hand into the bell of the horn they could alter the pitch of the instrument for improved intonation and additional pitches, and that they could also make the tonal color darker and more mellow. This technique was known by hornists in the 1720s at the latest. By gradually closing the hand in the bell one can lower any sounding pitch one half step with moderate stopping, and any pitch may be lowered to a half step above the next open pitch by combining full stopping and “lipping” the note down. The natural horn is discussed more fully here.
While the hand in the bell does not need to be used to produce diatonic and chromatic notes today, as it was in the Classical period, the hand is still needed in the bell to maintain the proper tonal color of the horn. Correct hand position for the modern valved horn is closely related to the hand position used on the natural horn.
A correct basic right-hand position on the horn is a very important first element to make stopped horn work correctly. The fundamental elements of a proper right-hand position are to cup the hand slightly, as though to hold water in it, and to place it inside the bell so that the backs of the fingers touch the bell throat, allowing an opening of approximately two inches between the heel of the hand and the opposite side of the bell. A basically correct hand position can vary, but there are several issues to consider:
A correct hand position is very closely related to that which would be used on the natural horn. You should be able to open and close the throat of the bell by simply “shutting the door” with the heel of the hand. The hand should not “float” in the bell, and it should not need to be moved “in and out” of the bell to go from an open to a closed position.
One may wish to place the hand so that the thumb and first finger can support the bell when playing standing.
How open or closed the heel of the hand needs to be must ultimately be gauged by the ear. The tone should not sound like one has something stuffed into the bell (too closed), and should not sound like a trombone either (too open).
Pitch level is affected by how open or closed the bell is–an open position sharpens the horn and a closed position flattens the horn. Hand position must be consistent.
Above all, to place the hand in the bell with the palm against the inside of the throat of the bell, as is seen all too frequently in beginners, is totally incorrect. Besides having a poor, sharp tone, the playing qualities of the horn actually suffer because of the improper hand position, especially in the upper range of the instrument.
This leads us more directly back to our topic, how to perform stopped horn. Stopped notes are an effect unique to the horn. The basic rule for fingering stopped notes on the horn is to finger the note a half step below the note you want to play, close the bell tightly with the right hand, and play only on the F horn for intonation.
As you slowly close the hand in the bell the pitch will get lower. However, once the bell is TIGHTLY closed, the pitch will rise by approximately a half step. There is some controversy as to exactly what is really happening acoustically, but a good way to think of it is that you are shortening the horn by “cutting off” the end of the bell with the hand.
The tightness of the closure of the bell is quite important; you want to seal the bell with the right hand. Just as with the natural horn you don’t want to “shove the hand in the bell;” the motion is much more like “closing a door,” with the hand as the door. A key element to achieving a tight seal for many players is the thumb. There must be no leakage around the thumb; it helps to keep the thumb to the side of the palm and first finger. Don’t allow the thumb to leave a hole. Hold the air in just like you would if you were trying to hold water in the horn bell.
A tight seal is especially important to the production of stopped notes below the staff. With a tight seal it is very possible to play stopped horn down to the bottom of the range of the horn, but when the seal is not tight the notes simply won’t come out with anything approaching the characteristic “buzzy” stopped horn sound.
If you play stopped horn on the F side of the double horn pitch will generally be close to being in tune, raised ½ step above the open notes. If you play stopped on the B-flat horn though, many notes will be nearly 3/4 of a step higher–in other words, badly out of tune. Some naturally flat fingerings are however quite usable on the B-flat side of the double horn; experimentation is very much in order when in doubt.
Even with correct production, stopped notes do tend to lack volume and horn players may want to consider mutes. Straight mutes are made by a number of manufacturers, and these only need to be inserted in the bell to get the proper effect–no transposition is required–but it is not a stopped horn sound. Transposing brass stopping mutes are also manufactured to be used as a substitute for hand stopping. These do produce the correct tonal color and may allow for the production of more volume than hand stopping. Both types of mutes are illustrated below.
There is one final stopped horn effect that should be noted–”half-stopped” notes. Sometimes called echo horn, these notes are performed by closing the bell nearly totally and fingering the notes a half step above the note you want to sound. This effect is specifically requested by some composers (such as Dukas in the well-known horn solo Villanelle) to obtain a very distant sound, like an echo. This is the type of hand stopping that would be used on the natural horn as well.
The burning question many hornists will struggle with is the question of why we think of stopping the horn the way we do and why it works at all. The question of what exactly is happening to the pitch of the horn when stopping the bell with the hand has been the subject of numerous articles and is still open. As noted above, as the bell is closed slowly the pitch goes down but when it is closed very tightly the pitch will rise; some sources say this effect is due to acoustically cutting off the end of the horn with the hand, while other sources state this is only what appears to happen, as one is actually lowering the next higher overtone to a half step above the previous pitch. In either case, stopped horn technique as it is taught today for the modern horn relies on this phenomenon, fingering a half step below the desired pitch on the F horn, but this approach to stopped horn technique does not appear to have seen any use before the twentieth century; the hand was always used on the natural horn to lower the pitch of the instrument when closed.
Stopping the French horn need not be a mystery. Once understood, it is easy to keep straight why when we close the bell pitch goes down but then rises with full closure.
Copyright John Ericson. All rights reserved.
